作者:舒启全
|类型:文艺·名著
|更新时间:2019-10-06 14:13
|本章字节:42688字
secionwo iisasnauralodieasobeborn
正如人人都不能选择自己的父母或家庭一样,无人能选择何时何地和如何去死亡(除根据自己的意愿自杀外)。人类的生命当然是地球生物界的一部分。人类以较高级的智力发展,表达清楚的言语能力和直立的姿势区别于其他动物或生物。因此,人类自生存以来一直把我们自己认为是中心,是宇宙中最重要的独立存在实体,或者说,是通过人类独有的视角对现实进行评价,这种观念可叫做人类至高无上或人类中心主义。人类中心主义是环境伦理学和环境哲学领域的主要观念,常常被认为是人类与环境相互作用产生的环境污染问题的根本原因。换句话说,我们人类应该避免仅仅是人类中心主义的环境保护主义——那是只关心被人类利用和为人类的目的而进行的环境保护,排除了深层生态学的基本哲学。深层生态学是一种当代生态哲学,强调人类生命与非人类生命的互相依存性以及生态系统与自然变化过程的重要性。我们人类应该改恶向善,改掉乱吃其他动物的恶习。没有生物的多样化,我们人类怎能单独生存?因此,我们主张人类与自然友好相处,而人类之间需要和谐相处并努力构建和谐社会,以便我们人类能活得比以往任何时候更长久一些。
jusaseverybodyca
ochoosehisorherparensorfamily,hennobodycanchoosewhen,whereandhowodie(excephesuicideofone’sownfreewill)humanlife,naurally,isaparofhebiosphereofheearhhumanbeingisdisinguishedfromoheranimalsorlivinghingsbysuperiormenaldevelopmen,powerofaricuespeech,anduprighsanceconsequenly,sinceourhumanbeingsexisence,wehaveregardedourselvesashecenralandmossignificaneniiesinheuniverse,orheassessmenofrealiyhroughanexclusivelyhumanperspecivehisconcepcanbereferredoashumansupremacyoranhropocenrismwhichisamajorconcepinhefieldofenvironmenalehicsandenvironmenalphilosophy,whereiisofenconsideredobeheroocauseofheenvironmenalproblemsofpolluioncreaedbyhumanineracionwihheenvironmeninoherwords,wehumanbeingsshouldavoidmerelyanhropocenricenvironmenalism,whichisconcernedwihconservaionofheenvironmenonlyforexploiaionbyandforhuman’spurposes,whichexcludeshefundamenalphilosophyofdeepecologydeepecologyisaconemporaryecologicalphilosophyhaemphasizesheinerdependennaureofhumanandnonhumanlifeaswellasheimporanceofheecosysemandnauralprocesseswehumansshouldmendourwaysanddrophebadhabisofeaingoheranimalsindiscriminaelywihouhebiologicaldiversiy,howcanwehumanssurvivealone?ha’swhywemainainhahumansandnaureshouldcoexisfriendlywhilewehumansliveinharmonyandsriveobuildaharmonioussocieysohawehumanscanlivelongerhaneverbefore
自然环境与社会环境同时共存并互相影响。社会环境包括地理区域和受人类强大影响的各种组成成分,如历史、政治、宗教、文化、风俗、习惯、民族、社会、全球差异和生态环境保护、持续发展和改善人类贫困生活条件等等。由于人类的不同信仰、不同思想感情和不同生活条件,人们对死亡有不同的态度。正如弗兰西斯·培根在他《论死亡》一文中所写:“复仇之心可征服死亡,爱恋之心会蔑视死亡,荣誉之心会渴求死亡,悲痛之心会扑向死亡,连恐惧之心亦会预期死亡,而且我们还读到,在罗马皇帝奥托自杀之后,哀怜之心(这种最脆弱的感情)使许多士兵也自杀身亡,他们的死纯粹是出于对其君王的同情和耿耿忠心。此外塞内加还补充了苛求之心和厌倦之心,他说:“思及长年累月劳于一事之单调,欲撒手弃世的不仅是勇者和悲者,还有厌腻了无聊的人。即使一个人并不勇敢亦非不幸,可他仅为厌倦没完没了地做同一事情也会轻生。”同样值得注意的是,罗马帝国那些皇帝们面对死亡是如何面不改色,因为他们在生命的最后一瞬仍显得依然故我。罗马第一位皇帝奥古斯都在弥留之时还赞美其皇后,‘永别了,莉维亚,勿忘我俩婚后共度的时光。’;皇帝台比留在危笃之际仍掩饰其病情,正如历史学家泰西塔斯所说:‘他体力以耗尽,但奸诈犹存’;皇帝维斯佩基安在大限临头时兀自坐在凳子上戏言:‘看来我正在变成地神’;皇帝伽尔巴的临终遗言是‘你们砍吧,倘若这有益于罗马人民’,一边喊一边引颈就戮;皇帝塞佛留行将离世时照旧发号施令:‘若还有什么我该做之事,速速取来’。”在古代的中国,伟大的思想家庄子的妻子死了,他鼓盆而歌,庆祝辩证法的胜利,因为他已明白人类生死的天性;我国当代大学者季羡林含笑而死。此类视死如归之例,举不胜举。“在执着追求中死亡者不觉痛苦就像在浴血鏖战中受伤者暂时不觉伤痛一样;由此可见,于坚定执着且一心向善的有才有智之士,死亡之痛苦的确可以避免。”
nauralenvironmenandsocialenvironmencoexisandineraceachohersocialenvironmencomprisesheareasandcomponenshaaresronglyinfluencedbyhumans,suchashisory,poliics,religion,culure,cusom,habi,races,socieies,globalinequaliiesandecoenvironmenalproecion,susainabledevelopmenandimprovinghelivingcondiionsforhumanbeingsinpovery,ecbecauseofhumans’
differenbeliefsordifferenwaysofhinkingordifferenpassionsoremoionsorlivingcondiions,peoplehavedifferenaiudesowardheirdeahsjusasfrancisbaconwriesinhisessayofdeah:“revengeriumphsoverdeah;loveslighsi;honoraspiresoi;griefflocksoi;fearpreoccupaesi;nay,weread,aferohoheemperorhadsinhimself,piy(whichisheenderesofaffecions)provokedmanyodieouofmerecompassionoheirsovereign,andasheruessoroffollowersnaysenecaaddsnicenessandsaiey:considerhowlongyouhavedohesamehing;amanmaywishodienoonlybecauseheisbraveormiserable,bubecauseheisdiscriminaingamanwoulddie,houghhewereneihervaliannormiserable,onlyuponawearinessodohesamehingsoofoverandoveriisnolessworhyoobservehowlilealeraioningoodspirisheapproachesofdeahmake,forheyappearobehesamemenillhesinsanaugususcaesardiedinacomplimen:farewell,livia,forgenohedaysofourmarriage;iberiusindissimuion,asaciussaihofhim,hisbodilysrenghwasgone,bunohisdupliciy;vespasianinajes,siinguponhesool,iseemsiambecomingagod;galbawihasenence,srike,ifibeforhegoodofheromanpeople,holdingforhhisneck,sepimusseverusindispach,hurry,ifhereisanyhingmore”inancienchina,whenhegreahinkerzhuangzi’swifepassedaway,hebangedonapoandsangohimself,celebrainghevicoryofdialecics,forhehadalreadyseenhenaureofhumanlifeanddeah
jixianlin,agreaconemporaryschorinchina,diedasmilingdeahsuchinsancesareoonumerousomenion“anyohadiesinanearnespursuiislikeohaiswoundedinhobloodwho,forheime,scarcefeelshehur;andhereforeamindfixedandbenuponsomewhahaisgooddohaverhepainofdeahs”
江文通《恨赋》中说:“自古皆有死,莫不饮恨而吞声。”这是人之常情,情有可原。
人们眷恋人生,舍不得家人和亲友,特别是孩子。但是,我们应该明白儿孙自有儿孙福。众所周知,孩子是我们自己的延续或我们自己生命的更新——不仅是我们种族的延续,而且还是我们事业的继续。既然我们有接班人来接替我们,我们为什么不该休息呢?告诫已经成人的孩子别犯错误是没有用的,因为一来他们不会相信我们,二来错误原来就是教育所必不可少的要素之一。我们必须明白:虽然我们还能为孩子们提供物质上的帮助,譬如支援他们一笔钱或者为他们编织毛线外套,但绝不要期望他们会因为有我们相伴而感到快乐。我们为什么不愿离去呢?人们还可见,最伟大的功业历来都是由一些无后嗣者所始创,这些人因没有后嗣再现他们的肉体,便努力实现其精神的再现,所以无后嗣者往往最关心后世。既然“他们已努力实现其精神的再现”,还有什么饮恨呢?即使他们既没有孩子又没有“最伟大的功业”,他们享受了美好的人生,又有什么值得“饮恨而吞声”呢?
inhisodeoregre,jiangwenongwries:“deahhasexisedsinceimeimmemorialeveryonehasoswallowiandharborregreahear”hisishefeelingscommonoallordinarypeople,andiisundersandablepeopleareaachedoheirlivesandloahoparwihheirfamiliesorheirreivesandfriends,paricurlyheirchildrenbuweshouldundersandhaourchildrencanakecareofhemselveswhenheygrowupjusaseverybodyknows,ourchildrenareheconinuanceofourownorherecycleofourownlives—noonlyofourkind,buofourworksincewehaveoursuccessorssucceedus,whyshouldwenoakeares?iisnouseellinggrownupchildrennoomakemisakes,bohbecauseheywillnobelieveus,andbecausemisakesareanessenialparofeducaionwemusrealizehawhilewecansillrenderourchildrenmaerialservices,suchasmakinghemanallowanceorkniinghemjumpers,wemusnoexpechaheywillenjoyourcompanywhyshouldwebeloahoparwihhem?peoplemayalsoseehenoblesworksandfoundaionshaveproceededfromchildlesshumans,whichhavesoughoexpressheimagesofheirmindswherehoseofheirbodieshavefailed;sohecareofposeriyismosinhemhahavenoposeriysince“heyhavesoughoexpressheimagesofheirminds”,whaelseshouldheyregre?
evenifheyhaveneiherchildrennor“henoblesworksandfoundaions”,heyhaveenjoyedheirnicelives,andwhaelseareworhheirwhile“oswallowiandharborregreahear”?
社会生态学认为,现存的生态问题是根深蒂固的社会问题,特别是占支配地位的分等级的政治和社会制度问题,这些问题就导致了一种不加批判地接受的过度竞争的生死哲学。现在所有的社会都面临着不断增长的全球环境问题,为了找到切实可行的解决办法,需要国际合作。当今世界,越来越多的人死于自杀或他杀或各种社会灾难,如第二次世界大战以来发生在朝鲜、越南、科威特、伊拉克、阿富汗、利比亚等的一系列战争;如基因实验、核弹试验、化学武器试验等各种科学实验,还有许多人死于各种人祸或天灾,如宗教迫害、种族歧视、冤假错案、暴力犯罪,艾滋病、吸毒、核辐射等等。这一切都与严重的社会环境污染有关。
socialecologyholdshahepresenecologicalproblemsarerooedindeepseaedsocialproblems,paricurlyindominaoryhierarchicalpoliicalandsocialsysemshesehaveresuledinanuncriicaccepanceofanoverlycompeiivegrowordiephilosophynowallsocieiesarefacedbyincreasinglyglobalenvironmenalproblemsandinernaionalcooperaionisneededinorderofindworkablesoluions
nowadaysinheworld,moreandmorepeoplediefromsuicideorbeingkilledoru
auralsocialdisasers,forinsance,alisofwars,sinceheworldwar2,haveakenpceinkorea,vienam,kuwai,iraq,afghanisan,libya,ecallsorsofscienificexperimens,suchasexperimensingeics,nuclearbombess,experimenswihchemicalweapons,ecfurhermore,argenumberofpeoplediefromallsorsofmanmadedisasersordisasersofnaural,suchasreligiouspersecuion,racialdiscriminaion,casesofwrongly,falselyandunjuslyrepudiaed,violencrimes,aids,drugabuse,nuclearradiaion,ecallhesemenionedhereareconcernedwihheseriouspolluionofhesocialenvironmen
咱们去读一读施耐庵和罗贯中的《水浒传》吧!我们就能明白作者和作品中的男女主人公们是如何面对他们的人生和他们的死亡的。
le’sreadshinai’anandluoguangzhong’souwsofhemarsh!wecanundersandhowhewriersandheirheroesandheroinesarefacingheirlivesandheirdeahs
21 内容介绍
21 inroducion
《水浒传》是中国历史上第一部白话长篇,它所开创的这一类通常被称为英雄传奇。同注重史实、搬演帝王将相和军国大事的《三国演义》不同,《水浒传》所写的宋江起义故事虽然也源于历史事实,但整部以塑造被“逼上梁山”的诸位英雄为重点,构筑了一个充满冒险与传奇的世界。虽然《水浒传》中的“梁山泊”作为现实世界的对立面,具有乌托邦意味,但它所反映的“四海之内皆兄弟”的精神以及平等、公道的原则,在某种程度上却反映了民间文化精神,特别是英雄好汉向往“大块吃肉、大碗喝酒,大盘分金银”,追求自由与快活的理想,正是普通人最朴素的生活愿望的表达。这正是为什么《水浒传》流传了几百年仍是最着名、最受热爱的中国古典之一的原因。几年前,随着电视连续剧《水浒传》的播放,其《好汉歌》:“路见不平一声吼,该出手时就出手,风风火火闯九州……”也唱红了大江南北,《水浒传》中的人物和故事成为人们街谈巷议的材料。
ouwsofhemarshishefirsfulllenghvernacurnovelinchinesehisory,heoriginaorofhegenrepopurlyknownasheheroicromancecomparedwihheromanceofhehreekingdoms,whichsresseshisoricalfacsinreproducinghelivesofemperorsandminisersandmiliaryevens,ouwsofhemarshalsoreesahisoricalaleofhesongjianguprising,bufocusesonheshapingofeachcharacerforcedupohemounliangshananddepicsaworldfullofadvenureandlegendalhoughhenovel’sliangshanmarshconveysasenseofuopiaasopposedorealiy,isehosof“allmenunderheavenarebrohers”andprinciplesofequaliyandfairnessreflecoaceraindegreehespiriofhefolkculureofheimeinparicur,heheroes’pursuioffreedomandpleasure,vividlyrepresenedby“eaingofbigchunksofmea,drinkingofrgebowlsofwine,andsharinggoldandsilverequally,”happensoreflecwhahecommonpeoplepursueinheirliveshisisjuswhyouwsofhemarshisoneofhebesknownandbeslovedofheancienchinesenovelswhichhavecomedownhroughheagesafewyearsagowhenhevserialshealeofhemarsheswerebroadcasonelevision,isasongofheroes,hefirsfewlinesofwhichare“shouasoposomehingunjusinyourway,lendahandwhileyoumayandwanderhroughhewholecounryallheway”,madeahiwihheaudiencesalloverhecounryandahesameimeischaracersandsoriesbecameaownalk
《水浒传》是以北宋末年宋江起义的史实为基础创作的,他的成书经历了两百多年的时间。宋江起义的故事在南宋就开始在社会上流传开来,并且成为民间说书艺人讲说的题材,宋元讲史平话《大宋宣和遗事》中就保留了《水浒传》的不少故事。早期的水浒故事中只有宋江等三十六人,到了元代的“水浒戏”中,梁山好汉已经从三十六人发展为一百零八人。
元末明初,施耐庵在流传的水浒故事的基础上加以整理创造,写成了长篇《水浒传》。
《水浒传》在收集整理来自民间各种传说和宋、元时期的各种戏剧故事过程中,实质上也带有作者个人创作的特征。不管是整体结构或情节安排,还是人物个性化或语言的艺术的使用,都获得了以前流传的各种宋江故事中未曾达到过的艺术性真实。《水浒传》所写的既不是元朝档案所描绘的一群杀人、抢劫的不法之徒,也不是元朝杂剧中所描述的一伙灭邪复正的报仇者。事实上,它是一种对人民反抗封建主义社会和政治条件下的官方压迫的生动而尖锐的评论。
basedonhehisoricalfacsofsongjiang’suprisingamounliangshaninhesyearsofhenorhernsongdynasy,ouwsofhemarshevolvedinoispresenshapeforoverwohundredyears
asfarbackashesouhernsongdynasyhesoryofsongjiang’suprisingcircuedwidelyinhesocieyandbecamehemaerialsforfolksoryellersinhesoryellers’ofhesongandyuandynasiesanecdoesofxuanheperiodhereexisedquieafewsoriesfromouwsofhemarshinheearliersoriesofhemarshherewereonlysongjiangandoherhiryfivebandiheroesandinheyuandynasydramaofhemarshhenumberofheliangshanouwsincreasedoonehundredandeighbeweenheeyuandynasyandheearlymingdynasyshinai’animproveduponhesoriesofhemarshandrecasheminoalongnovelouwsofhemarshwhileouwsofhemarshisacollecionofsoriesfromfolklegendsanddramasofhesongandyuandynasies,ialsoinessencebearshemarkofhecreaiviyofheindividualauhorwheheriisheoverallsrucureofhenovelorheplo,orhecharacerizaionorarisicuseofnguage,iaainsarealofarisryneverbeforereachedinhesongjiangsorieswhaouwsofhemarshisallabouisnoagroupofmurderousandplunderingwildernessouws,asyuandynasyrecordsdescribehem;norisiabouabandofavengersexirpaingevilandresoringorder,asdepicedinheyuanzajuiisinfacalivelyandacuecriiqueofhepeople’srevolagainsofficialoppressioninhesocialandpoliicalcondiionsoffeudalism
《水浒传》可分为前后两部分。前部分从开始到“梁山泊英雄排座次”,描述的是一百零八员大小头领如何被逼到梁山。故事开头写的是一个一向被人厌弃的破落户子弟高俅,靠踢球被端王看中,后来这位端王当了皇帝(徽宗),高俅一直被提拔到殿帅府太尉,成为一个大奸臣,与骄横一世的蔡京、童贯和杨戬等,构成了一个最高统治集团。他们有自己的亲属门客为党羽心腹,如蔡九知府、慕容知府、高廉、贺太守之流,在他们的下面,则是一些贪官污吏、土豪恶霸。他们从上到下狼狈为奸、残害忠良,对人民进行残酷的剥削和压迫,形成了一个统治网。首先叙述了高俅迫害王进的故事,又写了高俅为了让儿子霸占林冲的妻子,千方百计谋害林冲的经过。此外,《水浒传》中还写了地主恶霸的种种作恶行为,如郑屠霸占金翠莲,西门庆害死武大,毛太公勾结官府陷害猎户解珍、解宝,真是官逼民反。后部分从宋江在忠义堂作《满江红》一词,“望天王降诏,早招安,心方足”到结尾,描写了宋江全伙受招安并受命去征辽国、打方腊,利用完后,朝廷命令把他们消灭。这是多么不义啊!真是个悲剧性的讽刺!
henovelouwsofhemarsh,maybedividedinowoparshefirshalffromhebegi
ingoheepisodeha“heheroesofliangshanmarshakeseasinorderofrank”describeshowonehundredandeighchiefainsareforcedoliangshanahesarofhesory,iisoldgaoqiu,asreeurchinwhohasimpressedprinceduanwihhisfooballskillssinceprinceduanascendedhehroobecomeemperorhuizong,gaoqiuhasbeenpromoedoherankofmarshalcommandingheimperialguardscorruphighrankingofficialsgaoqiu,caijing,ongguanandyangjianhavemanipuedheadminisraion,wihhesupporofheircronies,suchasmagisraecaijiu,magisraemurongandmagisraehe,underwhomhereareminorcorrupofficials,localyransandvilinsallofhemhaveformedheenirerulingcsswhohaveconspiredagainsloyalandviruousofficialsandoppressedandexploiedhepeoplehenovelbeginswihgaoqiu’spersecuionofwangjin,henrecounshisframingoflingchong,whosewifecaughhesciviouseyesofgao’ssonaparfromhese,ouwsofhemarshdescribesvariousevilsdonebyndlordsandlocalyrans,suchaszhengu’sseizureofjincuilian,ximenqing’smurderofwudaandmaoaigong’sconspiracyagainshehunersxiezhenandxiebaoiisruehahemisgovernmendriveshepeopleorevolhesecondhalffromheepisodehasongjiangwriesacipoeminhehallofloyaly,whichreads,“onlywhenheemperorcondescendsogranusanamnesywillmyhearbefull”,oheendofhenovelporrayshasongjiangandallofhismenareamnesiedandgivenamissionocampaignagainsherivalliaodynasyandheuprisingledbyfang,buaheendofheirusefulnessheyareeliminaeduponordersfromhecourwhaaninjusice!whaarealragicirony!
《水浒传》是什么时候首次以书的形式出现的?作者又是谁?这些问题在学者中仍有争论。到目前为止,一致的看法是《水浒传》是元末明初的作品,其作者是施耐庵,这是根据有关《水浒传》最早的参考材料所说,是罗贯中和施耐庵所写。明朝的高儒在其《百川书志》嘉靖十九年(1541年)版的作者前言中写道:“《忠义水浒传》一百卷。钱塘施耐庵的本,罗贯中编次。”明朝郎瑛编的《七修类稿》中有如下记载:“《三国》、《宋江》(《水浒传》的别名)二书,乃杭人罗贯中所编。予意旧必有本,故曰编。《宋江》又曰钱塘施耐庵的本。”这些文献记载写明了施耐庵为题材着者,罗贯中为编者。明朝出现的一些版本,有印上两人的名字为作者的,有署两人中不论哪一个的,也有没印上作者的。明末《金圣叹批评第五才子书施耐庵水浒传》七十回版,只署名“施耐庵撰”。从此以后,罗贯中的名字逐渐消失了,只留下了施耐庵。
whendidouwsofhemarshfirsappearinbookform,andwhowasheauhor?hesequesionsaresillmaersofdebaeamongschorssofar,heconsensusishaouwsofhemarshisaproducofheperiodwhichsawheclosingofheyuanandopeningofhemingdynasies,andhaheauhorwasshinai’anhisisbasedonhefachaheearliesreferenceohenovelsayshaiwaswrienbyluoguanzhongandshinai’anhehundredriversbibliographicalnoesbygaorusays,inheauhor’sprefaceohe1541(19hyearofhejiajingreignperiodofhemingdynasy)ediion:“heparioicandrigheousouwsofhemarshisinonehundredchapersoriginallywrienbyshinai’anofqianang,andarrangedbyluoguanzhong”andabibliographycompiledbyngyinghashefollowingenry:“bohhenovelsknownashehreekingdomsandsongjiang(anohernameforouwsofhemarsh)cieheediorasluoguanzhongofhangzhouherefore,heauhormushavebeensomeoneelse
moreover,heauhorofhesongjiangisnamedasshinai’anofqianang”hesedocumensrecordsnameshinai’anasheauhorofhemaerialinhenovel,andluoguanzhongasheediororcompilersomeofheediionsofhenovelwhichappearedinhemingdynasybearhenamesofbohmenasheauhors,someoneorheoher,andsomebearhenameofnoauhorhe70chaperediionofhenovelbyjinshenganofheemingdynasygivesshinai’anashesoleauhor,andhereaferluoguanzhong’snamegraduallydisappears,leavingonlyhaofshinai’an
《水浒传》在明清时期几次遭禁,因为它赞美反抗压迫,歌颂“绿林好汉”。诸如此类的活动,当然被封建统治者认为是盗匪活动。然而,《水浒传》的各种版本以不同的章回和扩大或压缩的语言形式从未失于流传,这正说明《水浒传》几百年来得到了高度地普及。那么,什么是《水浒传》的真正吸引力呢?正是《水浒传》中各种栩栩如生的人物形象,强烈地表现出反抗压迫的坚定精神。当你读到鲁智深为何用他的铁拳打倒当地恶霸,或高俅为何残忍地逼迫林冲至绝境,而林冲又是怎样通过反抗逃离了山神庙时会不禁感到特别痛快!鲁智深和林冲只是被“逼上梁山”的一百零八将中的两个。讲述了他们中的二十个反抗悲惨的生存环境和贪官污吏对他们无恶不作的非正义行为。客观地看,在那荒无人烟的山区避难是封建时期阶级敌对的反映,并清楚地揭示了普通人民大众举行起义反抗压迫的真实社会环境。
ouwsofhemarshwasba
edseveralimesunderhemingandqingdynasies,becauseiudsacsofresisanceooppressionandsingshepraisesofhe“greenwoodouws”suchaciviies,ofcourse,wereregardedbyhefeudalrulersas“bandiry”neverheless,henovelneverfailedocircueinediionswihvariednumbersofchapersandinnguageexpandedorcondensed,whichexpinsishighdegreeofpopuriyoverseveralcenuriesbuwhaisherealaracionofouwsofhemarsh?iispreciselyisfiercelyrobusspiriofresisanceooppression,expressedinvividimageswhenyoureadhowsagaciouslubaersdownalocalbullywihhisironfis,orhowgaoqiurelenlesslydriveslinchonginoacorner,andhowheerfighsbackandescapesfromhemounaingod’sshrineyouca
ohelpfeelinganexraordinarysenseofeionsagaciousluandlinchongarebuwoofhe108,desperadoeswhohavesoughrefugeinliangshanhenovelreesascoreofhemfighbackagainsragiccircumsances,andheinjusicesperperaedagainshembycorrupofficialsandevilgenry,unilheyareforced,onebyone,oseekrefugeonliangshanviewedobjecively,seekingsheleronhiswildmounainisareflecionofcssanagonisminhosefeudaldaysandclearlyrevealsheruecircumsancesinwhichhecommonpeopleroseinrevolagainsoppression
《水浒传》的影响极其深远,它为后代的创作提供了艺术经验,也为后来人文学科的学者们提供了材料来源。除许多戏剧从《水浒传》中吸取题材外,很多也追踪溯源到《水浒传》。例如,《金瓶梅》就来自《水浒传》的第二十三回至第二十六回,并且,继续讲述其故事的续编也在清朝初期就出现了。此外,《说岳全传》中的一些人物也被认为是梁山主人公们的翼状扩生代。从抗金的观点看,这部作品是梁山故事的延续。同时,《水浒传》的影响并不局限于文学领域,它也影响了农民造反和秘密社团。明末领导农民起义的李自成,建立太平天国的洪秀全,都提出“替天卫道”的口号,秘密计划反清的各种社团称他们开会的地点是“忠义堂”,所有这些都明显地是从《水浒传》中吸取的灵感。众所周知,一些农民反叛的头领都学习梁山好汉的战略战术,因此,可以说在这方面,的影响既有正面的也有反面的含义。此外,《水浒传》中侠义精神和不义必遭报复感非常突出,还有对妇女根深蒂固的偏见,都在一定程度上反映了中国当时的社会现实,不能轻易忽略。
heinfluenceofouwsofhemarshhasbeenexremelyfarreachingiprovidedawealhofarisicexperienceforhecreaionofnovelsbyergeneraionsaswellasmaerialsourcesforerlieraryschors
aparfromahosofdramaswhichdrewheirsubjecmaerfromouwsofhemarsh,manynovelsraceheirlineofdescenbackoiforinsance,hegoldenlousspringsfromchapers23o26ofouwsofhemarsh;andasequaloiappearedinheearlyqingdynasy,carryingonhesoryinaddiion,someofhecharacersinhenovelhecompleealeofheyuefamilyaresupposedobeaergeneraionofliangshanheroes,andhisworkcanbeviewedasaconinuaionofheliangshansoryfromhepoinofviewofheanijinresisancebuheinfluenceofouwsofhemarshisnoconfinedohesphereoflieraure;ialsoinfluencedpeasanrebelsandsecresocieieslizicheng,wholedhepeasanuprisingaheendofhemingdynasy,hongxiuquan,whoseupheaipingheavenlykingdom,allraisedhesloganof“defendingjusiceonbehalfofheaven”secresocieiesploingagainsheqingdynasycalledheirmeeingpces“hallsofloyaly”allheseobviouslydrewheirinspiraionfromouwsofhemarsh
iisalsoknownhasomeleadersofpeasanrebellionssudiedhesraegiesandacicsofheliangshanouwssoheinfluenceofhenovelinhisrespechadbohposiiveandnegaiveco
oaionsbesides,hechivalricspiriandsensehainjusicemusbeavengedwhicharepromineninouwsofhemarsh,aswellasisdeepseaedprejudiceagainswomen,havepermeaedchinesesocieyoanexenhaca
obelighlypassedover