第73章 死亡正如出生一样自然(2)

作者:舒启全

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类型:文艺·名著

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更新时间:2019-10-06 14:13

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本章字节:47874字

明代版本的《水浒传》尚存许多册,并且存在若干种,它们相互间的关系混乱。不过,可以普遍地分为两类——繁本和简本。繁、简是指描述事件的语言文字繁复而不是指描写的事件多或少。最早的繁本注明的日期是1589年,一百回版,前面有“天都外臣序”,接着是一二○回版,包括有征田虎和王庆,还有一个版本是七十回,删掉了一百零八将排座次后的一切情节。尚存最早的简本是1594年福建省建阳余氏双峰堂刊行的二十四卷一二○回版。这个版本的名称是《新刊京本全像增田虎王庆忠义水浒全传》。除此之外,还有一百回、一一五回和一二四回版本,也有二十五卷和三十卷版本。简本中的各种版本以文简事繁为特征,不仅语言文字更直截了当而且还包括平田虎和王庆的故事。至于是简本还是繁本更早的问题,学者们仍有纷争。但有一点是可以完全肯定的,那就是田虎和王庆事件是后来***的,繁本一百回版较接近原型。明末文学评论家金圣叹删去了梁山好汉排座次后的一切情节,另增入卢俊义夜梦梁山头领全部被杀的段落,以此结束整部,他还把原第一回“洪太尉误走妖魔”改为楔子,并对全书的语言文字作了一些润色。删改完成后以七十回版本出现,立即获得成功,变成了清朝时期最流行的书之一。相比较而言,《水浒传》现今较好的版本包括一百回,其中头七十回是根据曾经最流行的金圣叹版,其它三十回是根据明朝容与堂首次刊行(人民文学出版社1975年再版),并被认为是最理想的版本。


hereareargenumberofcopiesexanofhenovelprinedinhemingdynasy,andheyexisinanumberofvarieiesheirreionshipwihoneanoherisconfused,buiisconvenienodivideheminowocaegories—hecomplexandhesimplehisrefersohenguageusedodescribeheepisodesnoowheherherearemoreorfewerepisodesheearliesofhecomplexonesdaesfrom1589,in100chaperswihaprefacebyaschorsyledhimselfianduwaichenfollowinghisherecameanediionin120chapers,whichincludedheexpediionsagainsianhuandwangqing,andanediionin70chaperswhichcuoueveryhingaferheepisodeofheheroesakingseasinorderofrankheearliessurvivingsimpleversionwaspublishedinfujianprovincein1594byhewinpeakshallofheyufamilyofjianyangin24volumesandconaining120chapershisversionisiledhenewediionfullyillusraedofhecompleesoryofheloyalandrigheousouwsofhemarshwihheaddiionofheianhuandwangqingepisodesaparfromhishereareediionsin110,115and124chapers,aswellasediionsin25and30volumeshesimpleediionsarecharacerizednoonlybyheirmoresraighforwardnguagebualsobyhefachaheyincludeheianhuandwangqingepisodesasowhichareearlier,hesimpleorcomplexversions,schorsaresilldividedbuohingisfairlycerain,andhaishaheianhuandwangqingepisodesareerinserions,andhahecomplex,100chaperversionsarecloserohesource


helierarycriicjinshenganofheemingdynasyexcisedeveryhingaferheepisodeofheliangshanheroesakingseasinorderofrankandaddedheepisodeconcerninglujunyi’snighmareashefinalparhealsochangedhefirschaper“marshalhongreleasesdemonsbymisake”inoaprologueandembellishedhenguageofheenirebooksomewhahefinishedworkemergedconaining70chapers


iwasaninsansuccess,becomingoneofhemospopurbooksofheqingdynasycomparaivelyspeaking,nowadayshebeerediionofhenovelouwsofhemarshincludes100chapers,hefirs70chapersofwhicharebasedonjinshengan’sversionhawasoncehemospopurone,heoher30arebasedonrongyuang’s100chaperversionhawasfirspublishedinhemingdynasy(republishedbyhepeople’slieraurepublishinghouse,1975)andconsideredhemosperfecone


《水浒传》六百年来一直强烈地吸引着我国老少读者,它已被改写成戏剧、电影、电视剧、木偶剧、图画书,儿童们都能背诵其故事。《水浒传》被数十位着名学者评论过,被译成了十多种外语,长期以来一直受到赏识,产生了很大的影响。首先被译成了日文。那是18世纪,冈岛冠山译,根据李卓吾批评本一百回版译出的,1759年出版。另一种日文本于1790年出版,比原文多了二十回,书名叫《通俗忠义水浒传》。在20世纪又多了几种日文本,分别以七十回、一百回或一二○回出版,但最具影响的是吉川幸次郎、清水茂二人根据容与堂刊行本合译的一百回版。第一部全译英文七十回本是美国女作家赛珍珠译的,她把书名译为《四海之内皆兄弟》,于1933年分别在纽约和伦敦出版。第一部全译法文一二○回本,译者是雅克·达尔,于1978年出版。同年,作品被授予法国文学奖。第一部全译俄文七十回本是罗加切夫教授所译,1955年由莫斯科国家文学出版社出版;匈牙利文译本是戈道·恺撒所译,于1961年在布达佩斯出版。此外,还有拉丁文、德文、意大利文、捷克文、波兰文、越南文、朝鲜文和泰文的节译本。我国外文出版社分别于1980年和1992年出版了英文和西班牙文版。


ouwsofhemarshhasfascinaedchinesereaders,youngandold,forsixhundredyearsihasbeenadapedforsageandscreen,forpuppeheaer,forpicurebookschildrenknowhealesbyhearihasbeencommeneduponbyscoresofeminenschorsandransedinomorehanenforeignnguages


ihaslongbeenappreciaedandhasexercisedaconsiderableinfluencehefirsransionofouwsofhemarshwasinojapanesehiswasinhe18hcenury,andwasdonebykanzanokajimabasedonlizhuowu’s100chaperversioniwaspublishedin1759in1790,anoherjapaneseversionwaspublished,expandingheoriginaloneby20chapersheileofhiswashepopurloyalandrigheousouwsofhemarshinhe20hcenuryseveralmorejapaneseversionsappearedin70,100or120chapers,buhemosinfluenialwashe100chaperversionbasedonherongyuangediionransedbyjirokawayukiandshigeruromizuhefirscompleeransioninoenglishwasdonebyheamericanwomanwrierpearlbuck,whoiledher70chaperversionallmenarebrohershiswaspublishedseparaelyinnewyorkandinlondonin1933hefirscompleefrenchransionwasdonebyjacquesdars,whose120chaperversionwaspublishedin1978inhesameyear,heworkwasawardedaprizeforlieraureinfrancehefirscompleeransioninorussianwasdonebyarogachev,whose70chaperversionwaspublishedin1955byhemoscowsaepublishinghouseoflieraure;ahungarianversiondonebyszongorbarnabaswaspublishedinbudapesin1961aparfromhese,abridgedransionsinoin,german,ialian,czech,polish,vienamese,koreanandhaihaveappearedheforeignnguagespressofchinahaspublishedanenglishediionin1980andaspanishediionin1992


22 作者人生


22 hewrier’slife


施耐庵(1296—1370),原名耳,又名子安,祖籍苏州,后迁居苏北兴化县白驹镇,元末明初杰出的文学家。自幼聪明好学,才气过人,事亲至孝,为人仗义。十九岁中秀才,二十八岁中举人,三十六岁与刘伯温同榜中进士。在钱塘(今浙江杭州)做过两年官,因为看不惯官场的黑暗政治,不愿对当道权贵逢迎拍马,因此,弃官回乡。


shinai’an,12961370,aliaserorzian,wasabrillianwrierofeyuanandearlyming,whosefamilymigraedfromsuzhouobaijuown,xinhuacouny,norhjiangsuhewasaalenedandgenerousmanwhoshoweduermosfilialpieyohisparensaheageof19,heobainedhexiucaidegreeandobainedhejurendegreeaheageof28aheageof36,he,alongwihliubowen,obainedhejinshidegreeinqianang(presenhangzhou),heservedasanofficialforwoyearsershiresignedandreurnedhomesincehewasunwillingopyupohebigwigsandunsaisfiedwihheadminisraion


传说他曾加入过元朝末年的张士诚起义军。义军失败后,他浪迹天涯,漫游山东、河南等地,后曾寓居江阴当塾师。为避明朝征召,潜往淮安,染病而殁,就地埋葬,享年七十五岁。他殁后数十年,其孙文昱(述元)家道炽盛,迁其骨葬于白驹西落湖(今江苏兴化市新垛镇施家桥村),并请王道生作《施耐庵墓志》。


iissaidhaheoncejoinedheuprisingarmyledbyzhangshichengaferhearmywasdefeaed,hewanderedoshandong,henanandoherprovincesheroamedeverywhereheoncelivedinjiangyinasauorofaprivaefamilyforfearofbeingsummonedbyheminggovernmen,heescapedohuaian,wherehediedaheageof75andwasburiedheredecadeser,hisgrandsonwenyu(shuyuan)flourishedandrelocaedhisremainsoxiluoke,baiju(presenshijiaqiaovilge,xinduoown,xinghuacouny,jiangsu)andinviedwangdaoshengowrieanepiaphinhonorofshinai’an


后人建施耐庵纪念馆,坐落在白驹镇西郊花家垛上,传为施耐庵当年着书之所。此处四周环水,芦苇茂密,有着浓郁的《水浒》气息,游人到此,会疑心真的到了梁山水泊蓼儿洼。纪念馆位于花家垛中央,为前后三进、东西两厢徽式青砖小瓦古代民居建筑,四周有粉墙。第一进为门厅,朱漆大门上方是书法大师启功手书的“施耐庵纪念馆”匾额。


ershinai’anmuseumwaserecediislocaedinhuajiaduo,baijuown,whereshinai’anconcenraedonwriingiwasapcesurroundedbywaerandflushreedsonfoursideshesurroundingsaresocloseowhaisdepicedinouwsofhemarshhaourisswouldakeiasliaoerfs,liangshanmarsheshemuseumsandsrighinhemiddleofhuajiaduoiwasananhuisyleworoomancienresidencebuilwihbluebricksandsmallileshefirsenranceishemaingaeonwhichaselebyqigong,agreacalligrapherreads“shinai’anmuseum”


施耐庵一生最大的贡献就是创作了《水浒传》。《水浒传》取材于北宋末年的农民战争。早在南宋时候,宋江起义的故事就已在民间流传,有些艺人开始讲述和演唱水浒故事。


宋末元初的《大宋宣和遗事》话本中,已有劫取生辰纲、杨志卖刀、宋江私放晁盖、刘唐下山、宋江杀阎婆惜等情节。当时,有个秀才龚开还写了《宋江三十六人赞》,完整地记录了三十六人的姓名和绰号。元朝时候,又出现了一批以李逵、燕青、武松、杨雄、张顺等为主角的杂剧。在这些杂剧中,水浒原来的人物故事日益丰富。


shi’sgreaesachievemenishisouwsofhemarsh,whichisbaseduponhepeasanwarinenorhernsongdynasyasearlyashesouhernsongdynasysoriesabousongjiangwereoldorsungbysomefolkarissoldincidensinxuanheperiodofhegreasongdynasy,whichappearedaroundhemid13hcenury,conainedsomeploslikecapuringhebirhdaygifsbyaruse,yangzhisellinghissword,songjiangreleasingchaogai,liuanggoingdownhillandsongjiangkillingyanpoxi,ecahaime,aschornamedgongkaiwroesongjiangandhis30companions,givingafullaccounofhe36characers,wiheachonehavinganicknameduringheyuandynasy,hereappearedsomezajupysfeauringlikui,yanqing,wusong,yangxiongandzhangshun,amongohersinhesezajupys,hecharacersweredevelopedfurher


施耐庵在这些民间传说、话本和杂剧的基础上,运用惊人的艺术才能进行再创作,写成了这部名着。《水浒传》以大量的篇幅,叙述了各种不同人物被逼上梁山参加起义的经过。


通过这些叙述,作者愤怒地揭露了封建社会的黑暗和统治阶级的罪恶,深刻地揭示了农民起义的社会根源。


wihamazingarisicechniques,shinai’anreworkedhepreviousfolklore,soryellingandzajuinohisgreamaserpieceouwsofhemarshporraysouwsfromdifferenwalksoflifeinellinghesesories,heindignanauhor,whileexposingcorrupionofhesocieyandevilsofherulingcss,revealedhesocialroocausesofhepeasanrevol


《水浒传》情节曲折紧张,引人入胜。它的语言明快洗练、丰富生动,往往三言两语就能刻画出鲜明的形象,具有很高的艺术水平。书里的人物形象带有理想主义色彩,同时又深深地扎根于生活的土壤之中。在民间口语的基础上创造出一种通俗、简练、生动、富于表现力的文学语言。


hishighaccomplishednovelischaracerizedbyinriguingplo,dramaiceffecs,andconcisenguage


hecharacersdepicedinhisnovel,houghsomewhauopian,weredeeplyrooedinreallifeouwsofhemarshrepresensaerse,livelyandexpressivenguagesylewhichwascreaedouofhevernacurheninuse


关于罗贯中的介绍,请参见《三国演义》的作者人生。


abouluoguanzhong’sinroducion,pleasemakereferenceo“hewrier’slife”ofhreekingdoms


23 作品赏析


23 appreciaionofhenovel


《水浒传》是类中一般被称作英雄传奇的首创之作。作为英雄传奇的典范,《水浒传》所颂扬的江湖豪侠精神始终贯穿于后世文学,直至当代的武侠。自从电视连续剧《水浒传》播放以来,其主题歌《好汉歌》“路见不平一声吼……”就唱红了全国各地,似乎会永远唱下去。梁山的好汉们愿为朋友和正义抛弃身家性命,那就是为什么美国第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的女作家赛珍珠把《水浒传》译成英文时取名为《四海之内皆兄弟》,也是为什么凡是热爱正义的人都爱读《水浒传》的原因。


ouwsofhemarshisheoriginaorofheficionalgenrepopurlyknownasheheroicromanceashearcheypeforhelierarygenreofheroicromance,hegalnspirihaouwsofhemarshsingsodeobecomesapermanenhemeforerlieraryworks,evenforconemporarymarialarsnovelssincehevserialsouwsofhemarshwerebroadcasonelevision,ishemaicsongasongofheroes“shouasoposomehingunjusinyourway”hasmadeahiwihheaudiencesalloverhecounryandseeminglyiwillsforeverheliangshanheroesarewillingosacrificeanyhing,includingheirlives,forheirfriendsandjusiceha’swhypearlbuck,hefirsamericanwomanwrierobeawardedhenobelprizeinlieraure,hasransedhenovelouwsofhemarshinoenglishandenilediallmenarebrohers


ha’salsowhyallpeoplewholovejusiceloveoreadouwsofhemarsh


我国古代作家通常把颂扬帝王的事迹作为其写作的主题。与此形成对照的是,《水浒传》的大多数主要人物是一群遭到这种或那种不公正待遇而被“逼上梁山”山寨避难的下层老百姓。的题材选择和目标趋势对一般作品来说带有点颠覆的味道。正是《水浒传》


的与众不同吸引着大量的普通人民大众,也恰恰是《水浒传》的“四海之内皆兄弟”的精神和平等、公正的原则反映了民间文化的精髓。


chineseauhorsinoldenimesgenerallyookheglorificaionofhedeedsofemperorsandkingsasheirhemesinconras,heproagonissofhenovelouwsofhemarshareforhemosparlowbornmembersofasalwarbandofheroesforcedbysomeinjusiceoranoheroseekrefugeinhemounainfasnessofliangshanhechoiceofsubjecmaerandhehrusofhenovelhaveasomewhasubversiveingeohegeneralworksiisjusisunusualnesshafascinaesargenumberofcommonpeopleiisalsopreciselyisehosof“allmenarebrohers”andprinciplesofequaliyandjusicehareflecheessenceofhefolkculureofheime


《水浒传》的思想内容很复杂,人们对它的看法也有争议。《水浒传》最早的名字就叫《忠义水浒传》,“忠义”是它突出的思想,最能体现这一思想的是宋江,可以说宋江是忠义的化身。宋江讲江湖义气,仗义疏财,济困扶危,是梁山好汉的领袖。同时,他也是一个孝子,一个忠臣,他带领梁山好汉受了朝廷的招安,为朝廷出力,最后宁愿为朝廷而死,也不愿背叛朝廷,终于把梁山的事业引向悲剧的结局。


ouwsofhemarshissocomplicaedinideologicalconenhapeoplehaveheirwidelydifferingviewsabouiinfac,isearliesnameisaloyalandrigheousouwsofhemarsh,whichcenreson“loyalyandrigheousness”songjiangishemosrepresenaiveofiand,soospeak,ispersonificaionaleaderofhemounliangshanheroes,songjiangisveryloyal,hospiableandgenerousandisreadyolendahelpinghandohepooranddisressedafilialsonandloyalsubjec,heleadshemounliangshanheroesoreceivehegovernmenamnesy,exershimselfohisumosforhehronehewouldraherdieforhanurnagainshehrone,husbringinghecauseofliangshanoaragicending


为什么那么多人被“逼上梁山”?为什么宋江和他的弟兄们是如此的“忠义”,以致宋江带领梁山好汉们受了朝廷招安,奉命去征辽国、打方腊,朝廷利用他们,到最后就下令把他们都消灭了呢?这是多么不义啊!在如此环境下人们怎能生存?那社会多不正常啊!简直是彻头彻尾地腐败了!难怪宋江和他的弟兄们以及无数的士兵都死于严重的社会环境污染。


这是《水浒传》思想内容的一个深刻思想。


whyaresomanypeopleforcedoliangshan?whyaresongjiangandhisbroherssoloyalandrigheoushasongjiangleadshemounliangshanheroesoreceivehegovernmenalamnesyandbegivenamissionocampaignagainsherivalliaodynasyandheuprisingledbyfang,buaheendofheirusefulnessheyareeliminaeduponordersfromhecour?whaaninjusice!undersuchcircumsances,howcanpeoplesurvive?whaanabnormalsociey!i’sreallyouandoucorruped!nowondersongjiangandhisbrohersandcounlesssoldiersdiedfromheseriouspolluionofhesocialenvironmenhisisaprofoundideaofheideologicalconeninouwsofhemarsh


《水浒传》思想内容的另一深刻思想是如何对待人才。诸如宋江、林冲、武松和很多其他人才非但没受到一点儿尊重或任用任何重要职位。相反,却受到残酷的迫害或陷害。正是那些贪官污吏对人才无恶不作的不公正迫害才把他们一个个地“逼上梁山”去寻求避难。


这与高俅形成了鲜明的对照。高俅,一个地痞流氓,不到半年,“被抬举做到殿帅府太尉职事”——最高军事指挥官,因他曾是过去的端王,而今无人不知的徽宗皇帝的“玩伴”,高俅一上任就公报私仇,迫使“王教头私走延安府”。他与高层大贪官蔡京、童贯和杨戬等勾结并控制着行政大权。他们任人唯亲,形成了一个从上到下的关系网,上下串通,陷害忠良,残酷地压榨百姓,迫害人才。


heoherprofoundideaofheideologicalconeninouwsofhemarshishoworeaalenedpeoplealens,suchassongjiang,linchong,wusongandmanyohers,arenorespecedaallorappoinedoanyimporanposiiononhecounry,heyarecruellypersecuedorframediisjusheinjusiceperperaedagainshembycorrupofficialsandevilgenryhahaveforcedhemonebyooseekrefugeonliangshanhisisasrikingconraswihgaoqiuwhoisarascalandhooliganandmadeamarshalcommandingheimperialguards—heopmiliarycommanderinlesshanhalfayear,forhehadbeenapyfellowofprinceduanwhohasbeenknownasemperorhuizongsincegaoqiuassumedoffice,hehasusedhepowerofhesaeforhisownprivaerevengehehasforced“armsinsrucorwangogosecrelyoyananprefecure”hehascollidedwihhecorruphighrankingofficialscaijing,ongguan,yangjian,ecandmanipuedheadminisraionheyappoinpeoplebyfavoriismheyhaveformedawellco


ecedworkandconspiredagainsloyalandviruousofficialsandcruellyoppressedpeopleandpersecuedalens


《水浒传》中的一百零八条好汉大多是江湖上的豪杰,写得最精彩的就是这些江湖豪杰被逼迫起来反抗朝廷,打家劫舍,杀富济贫的侠义行为。读过《水浒传》,我们不会忘记这样一些精彩的情节:鲁智深拳打镇关西、林冲风雪山神庙、武松醉打蒋门神、晁盖等人智取生辰纲……最后,如同千条溪流向大海一样,好汉们一个个走上梁山,从个人的反抗走向集体反抗:三打祝家庄、夜打曾头市、智取大名府、大破高唐州、两赢童贯,三败高俅,干出了一番轰轰烈烈的事业。可以说《水浒传》是一曲江湖豪杰反抗朝廷的颂歌。


he108heroesinouwsofhemarsharemoslyheheroesofheriversandkeswhaishemossrikingabouhenovelishebraveryandchivalryofheseheroes,whoaredrivenoriseininsurrecionagainshegovernmenbyfighingandkilling,robbingandburning,preyingonherichandavariciousandlendingahelpinghandohepooranddisressedwearesurelyimpressedbyhefollowingplos:majorlupommelshelordofhewes;linchongascendshemounainonesnowynigh;wusong,drunk,beasjianghegaeguardgian;wuyongbyarusecapureshebirhdaygifsandhelikejusashousandsofbrooksempyinohesea,asallheheroesascendmounliangshanoneaferanoherandcha


elheirrespeciverevolsinoheircolleciveonesagainshegovernmen:songjiang’shirdaackonhezhufamilymanor;songjiangaackszengouvilgeanigh;wuyongbyaruseakesdamingciy;chaojinisrappedingaoangprefecure;songjiangwicevanquisheschancellorongguan;songjianghirddefeasmarshalgao,allcombioaccomplishagrandandspecacurcauseinhissense,ouwsofhemarshisapraiseworhysongofherevolsofheheroesofheriversandkesagainshegovernmen


现在咱们来看一看《水浒传》的艺术特色。水浒一百单八将,除了宋江见于正史记载外,其他的人大都是虚构的人物,为了与历史演义相区别,人们把《水浒传》称为英雄传奇。《水浒传》最主要的成就是塑造了一系列生龙活虎、性格各异的传奇英雄形象。


清代的金圣叹特别欣赏《水浒传》中的人物,他在点评《水浒传》时说:其他的看一遍就不想再看了,只有《水浒传》是百看不厌,因为“他把一百八个人性格都写出来了”。


《水浒传》写人,善于紧扣人物的不同身份、经历,通过人物的语言行为展示出人物鲜明的个性。比如写鲁智深拳打镇关西,就是通过对鲁智深与郑屠的对话以及三拳打死郑屠的动作,刻画出他神勇侠义而又粗豪的性格。《水浒传》写人,常常运用夸张、渲染的手法把英雄的行为理想化,使人物具有超人的传奇色彩,如鲁智深倒拔垂杨柳、武松打虎、石秀跳楼等。


nowleuscomeohearisicfeauresofouwsofhemarshofhe108heroesonlysongjiangappearsinheofficialhisoricalrecordsandheohersareallimaginarycharacersodisinguishouwsofhemarshfromanyhisoricalnovel,peoplerankouwsofhemarshamonglegendarynovelsofheroeshegreaessuccessofouwsofhemarshisinisporrayalsofaseriesoflegendaryherofigures,whichradiaewihvivaciyandvigoraswellasdifferingindividualraisjinshengan,aqingdynasyschor,hadagreaadoraionforischaracersandmadecommensabouhenovel,saying:“ihaven’heleasideaofreadingheohernovelsagainaferihaveeverreadhem,buihavebeenconsanlyreadingouwsofhemarshwihundividedineresforihascomeupwih108differingindividualemperamens”incharacerizaionouwsofhemarsh,whichfocusesonheirdifferenbackgroundsandexperiences,dispysheirdisinciveemperamenshroughheirnguagesandbehaviorsforexample,inhechaper“majorlupommelshebullyofhewes”luzhishen’sbravery,chivalryandforhrighnessiswellexhibiedinhisdialoguewihbucherzhengandhishreefaalblowsohimmoreover,iresorsohyperbolesorexaggeraionsorealizeheheroes’sbehaviorsandcolorhemwihsuperhumanqualiiesforexample,luzhishenuproosawillowree,wusongkillsaigerandshixiujumpsfromheheighs


《水浒传》在写人的同时,也善于写故事,通过故事揭示人物的性格,通过人物的活动展开故事,把故事写得曲折生动、跌宕起伏,引人入胜。例如写武松,就写了一连串惊心动魄的故事:景阳冈打虎、斗杀西门庆、醉打蒋门神、大闹飞云浦、血溅鸳鸯楼等。


whiledescribinghecharacers,ouwsofhemarshalsoexcelsinsoryelling—dispyinghecharacers’personaliiesinheprogressingsoriesandinurndevelopinghesorieshroughhecharacers’


aciviies,allcombiomakehewholesoryverycomplicaedandappealingforexample,wusongisdepicedinasringofbreahakingsories:wusongkillsheigeronjingyangridge;wusongfighsandkillximenqing;wusong,drunk,beasjianghegaeguardgian;wusonggoeswildaflyingcloudponds;andgeneralzhang’sbloodspaersheduckanddrakebower


《水浒传》的语言通俗流畅、简练准确、生动传神。作者熟练地运用白话写作,纯用白描的手法,写人声口逼肖,叙事简洁生动,写景如在目前,使《水浒传》的语言成为古代白话的典范。


henguageofouwsofhemarshispinandfluen,succincandaccurae,vividandgraphicamaserahevernacurnguageandhecleanandsraighforwardsyleofwriing,heauhordrawsarueolifepicureofhischaracers,presensabriefandlivelynarraion,husmakinghisscenicdeionsveryvividandgraphicinhiswayhenguageofouwsofhemarshbecomeshemodelforancienchinesevernacurnovels


《水浒传》,以一百零八个主人公的荣辱沉浮和功过事迹为中心,展开了一幅当时真实社会的全景画卷,该画卷正好反映了丰富多彩的传统中国文化。在我们的过程中,我们也能发现一种生态伦理学与生态哲学一致的强烈生态意识。传统的中国哲学是“生命”的哲学。对孔子来说,天是一切生物之源。《易经》解释说,“生命的不断创造是易”,“天地之大德是创造生命”。后来各代儒学思想家都坚持“天地生万物”的思想。


“天通过阳创造生命,通过阴养育生命”。请读第七十一回“忠义堂石碣受天文”:“此石都是义士大名镌在上面:侧首一边是‘替天行道’四个字,一边是‘忠义双全’四字;顶上皆有星辰南北二斗;下面却是尊号”。“石碣前面,书梁山泊天罡星三十六员”;“石碣背面,书地煞星七十二员”。噢,梁山一百零八位好汉原来都来自上天,他们“替天行道”口号中的“天”,指宋朝皇帝,他是“天子”,天的儿子。看!“天”和“人”一致了!“天人合一”是传统中国文化的核心。“天人合一”与当代生态哲学——深层生态学是一致的。


正是《水浒传》所表述或再现的博大精深的文化确定了它是人类文化财富宝库中的一颗真正的宝石。


henovel,ouwsofhemarsh,ceneredonhevicissiudesandexploisofhe108heroes,unrollsapanoramaofherealsocieyofhaime,whichjusreflecsherichandcolorfulradiionalchineseculurewhilewearereadinghenovel,wecanalsofindasrongecoconsciousnesshaisaonewihecoehicsandecophilosophyradiionalchinesephilosophyisaphilosophyof“life”oconfucius,heavenishesourceofalllivinghingshebookofchanges(yijing)expins,“heconinuouscreaionoflifeischange”,and“hegreavirueofheavenandearhiscreainglife”confucianhinkersofergeneraionshavebeencarryingonheideaofheavenandearhgivingbirhoalllife”“heavencreaeslifehroughyangandnurureslifehroughyin”pleasereadchaper71“inloyalyhallasoablebearsaheavenlyscrip”:“hesearenamesofallofyougalnwarriorsononesideisays:‘acinheaven’sbehalf’onheoher:‘compleeloyalyandrigheousness’aheoparediagramsofhegreaandsmalldippersbelowhaareyournames”“onhefronofhesoablewerehenamesofhe36sarsofheavenlyspiris”“onhebackofhesoablewerewrienhenamesof72sarsofearhlyfiends”oh,he108liangshanouwsoriginallycamefromheavenhey“acinheaven’sbehalf”“heaven”inheirsloganmeanshesongemperor,whoisheaven’ssonlook!“heaven”isjusaonewihhumans!heheoryhamanisaninegralparofnaureishecoreofradiionalchineseculure


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过房他这阿叔高三郎儿在房内为子。本是叔伯弟兄,却与他做干儿子。因此,高太尉爱惜他。那厮在东京倚势豪强,专一爱淫垢人家妻女。京师人怕他权势,谁敢与他争口,叫他做花花太岁。当高俅被告知他小衙内为林冲老婆时,因两次不能得到她,又吃她一惊,病得越添重了,就叫他的老都管唤他心腹陆谦和富安到堂里并问道:“我这小衙内的事,你两个有甚计较?救得我孩儿好了时,我自抬举你二人。”他们设了一系列的圈套,包括“豹子头误入白虎堂”(第七回)、“林教头刺配沧州道”(第八回)、“林冲棒打洪教头”(第九回)、“林教头风雪山神庙”(第十回)、“林冲雪夜上梁山”(第十一回)。最后林冲被逼得绝望而杀了仇敌逃奔到梁山。


whengaoqiufirsroseohighofficehehadnosonohelphimrunhisnumerousaffairsandsoheadopedhesonofhisuncle,gaohehirdsinceheboywasnoonlyhiscousinbunowalsohisfoserson,marshalgaolovedhimoexcesshewascalledyoungmasergaoheyoungscoundrelmadefulluseofhisfoserfaher’sinfluenceinheeaserncapialhisfavoriepasimewasdespoilingohermen’swives


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ersancumbymisake”(chaper7),“armsinsrucorlinisaooedandexiledocangzhou”(chaper8),“linchongdefeasinsrucorhonginabouwihsaves”(chaper9),“linchongshelersfromhesnowsorminhemounainspiriemple”(chaper10),“linchongclimbsmounliangshaninhesnowynigh”(chaper11)linchongisfinallydrivenbydesperaionosyhisenemyandfleeoliangshan